Thursday 31 May 2012

PANEL METER


PANEL METER

Panel meters                     

Electrical measuring instruments:
A measuring instrument is intended to measure an electrical and non-electrical quantity using electrical means.

Analogue measuring instruments:
A measuring instrument intended to present or display the output information as a continuous function of the measured quantity.
Indicating instruments
A measuring instrument displays at any time the value of measured quantity without recording it.

Permanent magnet moving coil instruments
An instrument which operates by the interaction of the magnetic field due to a current in a movable coil with the field of a fixed permanent magnet.

Moving coil with rectifier type instruments
Moving coil instruments cannot be used for measurement of AC current/voltage. For use on AC application, the AC input is given to moving coil instruments through full wave bridge rectifiers which converts AC into pulsating DC. Basically these meters read average value which is calibrated to read RMS value. Thus if there is any change in wave form is distorted, the calibration may not remain valid and the readings shown by the instruments may not be correct.
Moving iron instruments
An instrument which operates by the attraction between a movable piece of  ‘soft ‘magnetic material and the field due to a current in a fixed coil or by repulsion (and attraction) between one or more fixed pieces of soft magnetic material  and a movable piece of soft magnetic material , both (all magnetised by a current in a fixed coil).

Construction:
Moving coil instruments:
These instruments are used for DC current and voltage measurement. They measure average value of the input quantity.
The movement consists of a diametrically oriented cylindrical permanent magnet and a coil wound on aluminium coil former which is suspended on non-magnetic stainless steel pivots between two springs loaded sapphire jewel bearings.
When an electric current is passed thru the coil, a magnetic field is produced. This field interacts with the magnetic field of permanent magnet. The torque produced deflects the coil former along with the attached pointer, showing the reading on dial.

                  


Controlling torque is provided by  two spiral phosphor bronze hair springs, connected at both ends of coil which also provides   a connection to complete the current path through coil.
Damping is achieved with the help of eddy current s which are produced in an aluminium coil former rotating in the magnetic field of permanent magnet.. since the deflecting torque is directly proportional to the current following through the coil, the scale is linear.
A shield is provided to protect the movement against external magnetic field due to and to provide a low reluctance path for magnetic flux.

Moving iron instrument:
These instruments are normally used for measurement of AC current and voltage. A movement having spindle with moving iron, fixed iron and compensating iron is situated inside a copper coil. When current follows through the coil, it produces the magnetic field. The irons inside the coil core gets repelled away from fixed iron.
A pointer fixed on the spindle, on which a moving iron is fixed, gets deflected showing reading on the dial.
Controlling torque is provided by spiral phosphorus bronze hair spring.
Pointer comes to rest at equilibrium where deflecting torque and controlling torque becomes equal and opposite.
Damping is achieved by the use of jewel bearing with silicon coil.
Since the deflecting torque is directly proportional to the squire of current flowing through the coil, the nature of the scale is highly non linear in the conventional design of the moving iron meter.
The scale can be made linear by using specially designed movement, introduction of third iron, called compensation iron and specially designed shield.

Following types of meters are used in panel-
1.      Ammeters
2.      Voltmeters
3.      Frequency meters
4.      Power factor meters
5.      Maximum demand ammeter
6.      KW meters
7.      KVAR meters

Power factor meter
This instrument is used to measure power factor (cosine of angle between current and voltage vectors) of the supply. These are available in two types:
·         Electrodynamometer type
·         Electronic transducer type
Frequency meters
These meters are used for measurement of supply frequency.
These are available in two types:
·         Pointer type
·         Vibrating reed type
Pointer type frequency meters are available as electronic transducer which may be built in the meter.
Maximum demand ammeter
These meters have a bi-metal movement which is fully compensated against variations in ambient temperature. When current follows through the spring, due to unequal expansion of the two different bi-metals, a torque is created by the spring which is directly proportional to RMS current following through the spring. This torque in turn produces rotation off a spindle on which a pointer is fixed. Pointer indicates the value of RMS current on a printed scale.

The bi-metal is so designed that the full deflection is obtained after either 08 or 15 minutes of current that follows through the bi-metal spring depending on meters selected.  The trailing red pointer which gets pushed by measuring pointer when the current increase and remains in the same position unless it is rest to zero by external zero knob which can be locked /sealed.

This meter indicates maximum current drawn by an electrical installation over a period of time. Following are the applications such as:
a)      For electricity board to know whether a premise has exceeded the load sanctioned to him.
b)      In a high rise building, the electrical cabling is done for specified load however over a period of time, the load in the building increases, which when exceeds the specified limit, hits of the cabling.
This is a measure reason of a short circuit and fire in high rise building. If this instrument is installed, it will always indicate to the regulating authorities the maximum current drawn. If it exceeds this specified limit the corrective action can be taken before hand and fire hazards can be prevented.
c)      In a motor control circuit, the use of such instrument will indicate to the company if the operator is continuously overloading the motor.
d)     For a generating set, such instrument will indicate to the supplier company what has been the load on which generating set has been operated. This is very much useful for maintenance.

Active/reactive power meters:
Watt meters/VAR  are used for active /reactive power measurement respectively for different  types of circuit network and nature of load. These meters are of two types-
·         Electronic transducer type
·         Electrodynamometer type

Accuracy classification:
Accuracy classification is as per IS:1248 1983.It is indicated on the scale.

Mounting position
Required Mounting position  is indicate on the scale in accordance with IS 1248 whereby a deviation of +/- 50 from the position is permissible.; positional error(( in addition to the error on the indication ) must not exceed the error appropriate  to the meter classification for frequency.

Movement Symbol
      















Monday 21 May 2012

ELECTRICAL ITEM MAKE

Introduction:
Electrical makes are very essential in the industry. The manufacturing unit having, ISI brand, quality standard plan,inspection department etc with long time experince may give a reasonable life. Above all it may give accident free operation. Users have to be careful  in selection of electrical materials with right quality and standard. Makes are only suggestable but not limited.

                


 MAKES FOR ELECTRICAL SYSTEM                                    

Sr.
Equipment
Make
Remarks
1
INSULATORS
KIRON / PACTIL /  UNIVERSAL /RAMANUJ/ PERMALI

2
LIGHTNING ARRESTORS
ELPRO / CROMPTION / KIRON

3
HT SWITCHGEAR
(SF6 /VCB's) ABB / SCHNEIDER / CROMPTION /SIEMENS

4
XPLE CABLE JOINTS (H.T.)
RAYCHEM / M-SEAL / BIRLA 3M
EQUIVALENT

5
L.T. ACB's / MCCB's L.T.FUSE
SWITCH & SWITCH FUESE /
CONTACTORS
SIEMENS / SCHNEIDER / L &
T/CROMPTON/PHILIPS


6
 CHANGE OVER SWITCHES
HPL / L & T/ CROMPTON/Standard


7
METERS (ANALOG) / DIGITAL
RISHAB ( L & T ) / AE /
SECURE/ENERCON/
CONZERVE/SCHNEIDER

8
CTS / PTS
AE / KAPPA / GYRO / PRAGATHI/CROMPTON/ sikkan

9
TRIVECTOR METERS  (ELECTRONIC
TOD WITH BATTERY BACK UP )
LOAD MANAGER
ABB / L & T / SECURE / ABB/ OR
APPROVED SUPPLY CO.


10
INDICATING LAMPS (LED ONLY) &
ALTOS/TEKNIK/RASS/CROMPTON/P198/Vinay


11
PUSH BUTTONS

SIEMENS/L&T/RS CONTROL


12
RELAYS (PROTECTIONS)
EE / AVKSCGC / ESSUN / L & T
/SIEMENS/ CROMPTON/PHILIPS

13
MCB DISTRIBUTION BOARD , MCB,
RCCB
MDS/SIEMENS/HAGER/
CROMPTON/PHILIPS


14
CABLES (H.T. / L.T.)
FINOLEX / CCI / POLYCAB /
GLOSTER/RPG /NICCO

15
CABLS GLANDS
 ( HEAVY DUTY)
DOWELLS / COMMET / GRIPWELL / BRACO


16
TELEPHONE CABLES
FINOLEX / DELTON / POLYCAB/RPG

17
TELEPHONE TAG BLOCKS
ITI / KRONE


18
SWITCH ACCESSORIES, TELEPHONE
SOCKETS CEILING ROSE, HOLDERS
ANCHOR '' ROMA '' (TRESSA) LEGRAND ( MOSIC) / CLIPSAL /HAVEL (CRAB TRI)


19
PVC CONDUIT & ACCESSORIES
PRECISION, / DIAMOND/FINOLEX/GERARD


20
CASING CAPPING
MODI / PRECISION / DIAMOND

21
WIRES (FRLS ONLY)
FINOLEX / RPG / POLYCAB / RR CABLE

22
 DATA CABLE
NORDEX / AVIYA / AMP

23
LIGHTING FIXTURES & LAMPS
PHILIPS / GE / WIPRO / BAJAJ/Ventura/indo Asian/Havel /CROMPTON

24
CEILING FANS / WALL / PEDASTA FANS
CROMPTON / ORIENT / BAJAJ /GEC/Havel


25
EXHAUST FANS
CROMPTON / BAJAJ / ALMONARD /GEC

26
A. P. P. TYPE CAPACITORS
PROBHODHAN / MEHAR / ASIAN


27
APFC RELAY
BELUK / NEPTUNE DUCATI / RMI

28
TERMINALS
WAGO/ ELMEX /CONNECTWELL

29
INDUSTRIAL SOCKETS
(METAL CROMPTON / LEGRAND /SCHNEIDER

30
SELECTOR SWITCH
SALZER / KAYCE/L&T

31
STEEL TUBLAR POLE
JINDAL / POWER CONTROL CORP /
BOMBAY POLES / INDIA POLE

32
AUXILLARY RELAYS
ALSTOM / SIEMENS / L & T/SCHNIDER

33
BATTERY CHARGER
VOLTSTAT / BCH / AMAR RAJA /
SAB KNIFE / REPUTED

34
SEALED MAINTENANCE FREE BATTERY
EXIDE / AMAR RAJA / GLOBAL /YUASA


35
TRANSFORMER
KIRLOSKAR / UNIVERSAL /
CROMPTON / BHEL/ABB/KEL/KANOHAR

36
LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM

INGESCO / DMSGI / INDELECT,/ DUVAL
MESSIEN

37
EARTHING STATIONS
TERRAFILL / SAFE / ASHLOK

38
HFFR INSULATED COPPER / FLUX
WIRES
R.R.KABEL / FINOLEX / POLYCAB /
ANCHOR


39
U G CABLE
NICCO / FINOLEX / POLYCAB
GLOSTER

40
CABLE LUG
DOWELLS / SIECO / JAINSON

41
PVC CONDUCT( ISI MARKED
AVON PLAST / PRECISION


42
PVC ACCESSORIES
PRECISION / CIRCLE ARK

43
DWC PIPE
REX POLY EXTRUSION

44
GI PIPE/MS PIPE
TATA / JINDAL

45
MODULAR BOXES / FRONT PLATES /
SWITCHES / SOCKETS / REGULATORS
MK INDIA WRAP ROUND /
SIEMENS VEGA / ANCHOR WOODS /
ABB


46
CEILING ROSE (ISI MARKED POLY
CARBONATE BODY)
ELLYES / SSK / ANCHOR / CPL


47
MCB 10 / CA RATED / MINIATURE
TYPE ISOLATES / RCCB / REBO
LEGRAND / MERLIN GERIN / GE /
HAGER


48
MCCB AC-3 RATED
SIEMENS / LEGRAND / MERLIN
GERIN / ABB(T max)

49
POWER CONTRCTORS (AC-3 RATED)
L & T / SIEMENS / SCHNEIDER

50
SDF / ISOLATORS / COS(AC-23A) /
HRC FUSES
L&T / GE / SIEMENS / MERLIN
GERIN

51
METER (DIGITAL)
CONZERVE / SCHNEIDER

52
METER(ANALOGUE)
RISHAB / AEI

53
LED TYPE PHASE INDICATION
TELE MECHANIQUE /SIEMENS / L&T / GE/VINAY

54
COMPACT FLOURACENT LAMP
PHILIPS / OSRAM / BAJAJ / GE


55
SV LAMP FITTINGS/ GEAR BOX
PHILIPS / BAJAJ BGEST/ GE/VENTURA


56
TRANSFORMER
KEL / INTRANS UNIPOWER / MEGEWIN/ BHARAT BIJLI/VOLTAMP/KANOHAR

57
11 KV LBS
MEGEWIN / INTRANS / SIEMENS /ABB

58
APFC RELAY
L&T BELUK / SIEMENS /
ABB / SCHNEIDER

59
APP CAPACITOR / BLOCK REACTORS
MEHER / SHREEM /
SPRAGUE / EPCOS

60
CEILING FAN
CROMPTON / BAJAJ / ORIENT

61
TUBE LIGHT FITTINGS / MIRROR
OPTIC FITTINGS
PHILIPS / BAJAJ / GE/Havel/crompton


62
MH LAMP FITTINGS
PHILIPS / BAJAJ/ CRAMPTON/ VENTURA/ WIPRO/  OSRAM

63
FIRE PUMP MOTOR
KIRLOSKAR / CROMPTON /BEACON

64
DOL/STAR DELTA  STARTER
L&T / SIEMENS / SCHNEIDER/HAVEL


65
HYDRANT VALVE BRANCH PIPE
NEW AGE / VINCO / ZENITH


66
GM VALVE
KALPANA / KIRLOSKER /BENDCO

67
FIRE HOSE
FIREX / NEW AGE / CRC / ZENITH

68
HOSE REEL
KANTEK / KANTA FLEX HOSE

69
SLUICE VALVE
KALPANA / KIRLOSKER / INTOV
VALVE

70
REFLUX VALVE
KALPANA / KIRLOSKER / BENKO

71
TERMINAL BLOCK
PHOENIX CONTACT / ELMEX / CONNECTWELL

72
STREET POLES
JINDAL/WIPRO/

73
UPS
EMERSON/HI-REL/GUTOR/

74
ELECTRICAL GEYSER
BAJAJ/CROMPTON/USHA/HYLAX

75
HEATING ELEMENT
NATIONAL/

76
SPACE HEATER
REFRIGRATION & CONDITIONING/GIRISHEGO/APT CONTROL

77
THERMOSTAT
REFRIGRATION & CONDITIONING/GIRISHEGO/APT CONTROL

78
SOLAR HEATER/SOLAR LIGHT
ANU SOLAR/EMVEE/MIKADO/ TATA BP SOLAR

79
HIGH MAST
BAJAJ/WIPRO/VENTURA

80
FLAME PROOF
BALIGA/SUDHIR/ FEP

81
HT FUSE

BUSHMAN/GE

82
HT ISOLATOR


83
ACTUATOR ELECTRICAL
UMA/LIMITORQYE/ROTORK

84
JUNCTION BOX
FIBOX / ELDON/HANSEL/ SUMIP

85
EOT CRANE
AVON/MANGLA/ ELECTROMECH/LIGHT LIFT

86
PVC CONDUIT/ BATTEN
D-PLAST/BERLIA

87
ROTARY SWITCH/ TOGGLE
KAYCEE/SALZER

88
SIREN/HOOTER/BUZZER
KHERAJ

89
PVC TAPE/INSULATING MAT
STEEL GRIP/BELLS ELECTRICAL COMPANY  / JONSON / CHAMPION

90
ENERGY METER
GEC ALSTHOM /HPL/KEI

91
GASKET
NEOPRENE/SILICON/EPDM

92
GROMMET
NEOPRENE/SILICON/EPDM

93





One Nation, One electrical License

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