Heating in cable

Heating in cable

The temperature rise of cable depends on the following factors:

1. The production of heat within the external periphery of the cable.

2. The conveyance of the heat as far as the periphery - that is, up to the boundary of the surrounding medium.

3. The conveyance of the heat through this medium, and therefore away from the cable.

4. The current rating of the cables.

5. The nature of the load, i.e. whether continuous or intermittent; not infrequently the rating under short-circuit conditions has to be considered.

Heat generation in cable

Following are the sources of heat generation in the cable

a)      I²R losses in the conductors

b)      Dielectric losses in the cable insulation

c)       Sheath  and armour loss

  

a).I²R losses in the conductors

Copper loss is the term often given to heat produced by electrical currents in the conductors, or other electrical devices. Copper losses are an undesirable transfer of energy, as are core losses, which result from induced currents in adjacent components. The term is applied regardless of whether the windings are made of copper or another conductor, such as aluminium.

Resistance of conductor at an temperature of 70 deg. C (assumed) is determined from the resistance given in standard table (usually at 20 deg,C) from the following relation-

R_h = Ra(1+α (70-20))

Where R_h, R_a are the hot resistance, resistance at 20deg.C.

b).Dielectric losses in the cable insulation

The energy losses occurring in the dielectric of cables are due to leakage and so called dielectric hysteresis.

The charging current of cable I_c is assumed to have two components –

·         One being true capacitance current which is equal to ωC V and leads the applied voltage by 90deg.

·         The other being the energy component which in phase with the applied voltage and represents the dielectric loss components of current.

If V is the applied voltage, C is the capacitance, of cable, Ф is the phase angle between voltage and current called the power factor of the cable and δ is the loss angle of the dielectric,

Charging current, I_c = V/X_c= ωC V

The dielectric loss, due to leakage and hysteresis effects in the dielectric, is usually expressed in terms of the loss angle,δ:

δ= 90-φ

Where, φ is the dielectric power factor angle.

Dielectric loss =ωC V²tanδ,

Where,

C= capacitance to neutral

V= phase voltage

A typical value of tanδ lies in the range 0.002 to 0.003. In low voltage cables the dielectric loss is negligible, but is appreciable in EHV cables.

c).Sheath loss

In 3 core cable the effect is negligible but for single core cable the effect is of great importance. The electromagnetic fields produced by the current flowing through the conductors induce emfs in sheath and under certain condition heavy currents are set up therein. The actual current flowing along the sheath depends magnitude and frequency of the current in the conductor, the arrangement and spacing between the cables. Two different cables having sheath electrically connected are bounded or unbounded. The induced sheath currents are of two types-

i)                    The currents, which have both outward and inward directions, called the sheath eddies.

ii)                  The currents, which have outward and inward current path in separate sheath called the sheath circuit eddies.

The approximate formulae for eddy loss for unbounded cables given by Arnold is as under-

Where,

I = current per conductor,

r = mean radius of sheath,

d=inter axial spacing of conductors

R_s = sheath resistance in ohm

NB: The core loss, sheath loss, dielectric loss constitute the heating of cable.
reference: 
a practical guide to cable installation and toolbox talk

Available with book shop and -

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http://www.abebooks.com

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Price: Rs. 375/- excluding delivery charges 

Underground cable fault

CABLE FAULT LOCATION 

Cable fault location is the process of locating periodic faults, such as insulation faults in underground cables, and is an application of electrical measurement systems. Cable fault location had its beginnings in post-war Dresden, when in 1948 the radio manufacturer Radio Mende was expropriated and transformed into a Soviet-German limited company. Cable faults are damage to cables which affect a resistance in the cable. If allowed to persist, this can lead to a voltage breakdown.

Causes of cable fault

The possible causes of cable faults are as under:

Mechanical damage

This fault occurs when the cable is insufficiently protected or mishandling at the time of laying of the cable underground, poor workmanship of cable jointing.

Dampness

When the level of water is just near to the cable laying in the ground, dampness of paper insulation in cable occurs, which may damage the sheath.

Mechanical puncturing

It takes place in the cable, while excavation work goes on by use of crowbar or pick-axe etc.

Crystallization

Special measures are taken for the lead sheathed cable to prevent vibrations.

Overloading or temperature effect

Overloading of cable rises the temperature of cable insulation, so it may be prevented from overloading. Surrounding temperature of nearby machine like furnace, steam pipe and hot water pipe line etc may heat the cable.

Chemical action

In the soil, due to chemicals etc. causes pitting and corrosion on the cable. For this the cables are surrounded with minimum 10 cm layer of pure sand.

 Leaking oil

Leaking of the oil from cable boxes also causes the failure of cable.

There are different types of cable faults, which must first be classified before they can be located.

Types of cable faults such as:

• ·         Short circuit faults
• ·         Open circuit fault
• ·         Earth fault  
• ·         Cable cuts
• ·         Resistive faults
• ·         Intermittent faults
• ·         Sheath faults
• ·         Water trees
• ·         Partial discharges

Methods adopted in locating various types of cable fault

Sr.	Nature of fault	Method of test
1	Core to core fault only	Fall of potential test
2	Core of earth fault	a)      Murray loop test b)      Fall of potential test
3	Open circuit only	Capacity test
4	Open circuit and earth fault	a)      Induction method b)      Fall of potential if metal sheathed cable
5	Core to core fault and earth fault	Fall of potential test
6	Core to core fault and earth fault and open	Induction method

Fault identification

Prior to locating a fault, it is necessary to determine the nature of fault.

·         Isolate the faulty cable and test each core of the cable for earth fault.

·         Check the insulation resistance between the conductors.

·         Short and earth the three cores of cable at one end. Check the resistance between the cores and earth, between individual cores (at the other end) to check open circuit fault.

·         In case there is any fault, the insulation test of individual cores with sheath or armour and between the cores is essential. The  test should also be done by reversing the polarity of the insulation resistance tester (megger). In case of any difference in readings. The presence of moisture in the cable insulation is confirmed. The moisture in the cable forms a voltage cell between the lead sheath and conductor because of the difference in the conductivity of these metals and the impregnating compound forms an organic acid when water enters it.

Testing of faulty cable

The cables are tested as per following test for finding fault.

1. Murray loop test

2. DC charge and discharge test for open circuit fault location

3. Phase to phase fault test for short circuit fault location

4. Fall of potential test for earth fault location

5. Capacity test

6. Induction test

7. Impulse wave echo test

8. Time domain reflectometry test

1.  1.    Murray loop test

Murray Loop Bridge is a bridge circuit used for locating faults in underground or underwater cables.

 It has been used for more than 100 years. This method can be used for both low and high resistance fault in circumstances-

·         Fault in one or two cores

·         When three cores are faulty, provided that an adjacent cable is used for measurement.

·         When three cores are faulted if the contact resistance differs from each other by a factor more than 500.

·         When contact resistance does not exceed 500ohms, if working with low voltage bridge and 1.5 Mega ohm if working with a high voltage bridge.

Murray loop test is the most common and accurate method for fault localization. In this test, the principle of Wheatstone bridge is used to locate the ground fault. In ground fault, one or more cables are earthed. if the fault current is more than 10 mA  when battery voltage is 100V, the fault resistance may be of the order of 10KΩ . A high gain dc amplifier can be used for high sensitivity.

Working: the faulty core is looped with sound core of the same cross sectional area  and a slide wire or resistance box with 02 sets of coils are connected across the open end of the loop. A Galvanometer is also joined across the open end of the  loop  and a dc hand operated generator supplies the current for the test. Balance is obtained by adjusting the slide or resistance. The fault position is given by the formula;

d =   a/(a+b)

 Where     a = resistance connected to faulty cable

               b = resistance connected to sound cable

Loop length = x + y i.e. 2 times the route length

2. DC charge and discharge test for open circuit fault location 

This test is used to locate discontinuity in the core of cable, with high resistance to earth. Preparing for the test , charge the cable with a battery for a very short time  say for 15 sec and then discharge it through a moving coil galvanometer. Test is repeated at the other end for the similar reading. The distance of the faulty point from end A is given by –

In this test it is necessary to earth all the broken cores at far end and also other cores except the core  to be tested to take correct readings.

In these days, electronic cable faults locators are available which give the reading directly on scale. The principle used in such instruments is impressing voltage impulse on the cable under test. These impulses get reflected from the fault location. Then reflections are projected on CRO (cathode ray oscilloscope) in the image format. From image type and distance are determined.

3. Phase to phase fault test for short circuit fault location

The cable is tested with the help of insulation tester (megger). Testing between two cables, if short

Circuited, will indicate zero. If the conductor is earthed then the testing between conductors to earth will show less resistance in comparison to sound conductor. If two phases are short circuited, then the faulty point can be located by the formula

4. Fall of potential test for earth fault location 

Ammeter, voltmeter battery and variable resistance are connected as shown in diagram. Let the reading taken across the faulty cable be V₁and across the sound cable be V₂. Then the fault point distance can be given as

Where  =  total equivalent length of cable.

During the performance   of test the same value of current should be maintained in the circuit. There are many deferent circuit arrangements but accuracy is not as good as Murray loop test.

5. Capacity test

It is adopted to locate open circuit fault in a cable when insulation resistance of the faulty core is hire. The principle of this method is to compare the capacity of the faulty core with one which is sound or with a standard condenser. The faulty core is charged to a certain voltage and the charge is released by discharging through a moving coil galvanometer. The deflection of instrument is noted carefully. In the similar manner the sound core of the cable is charged and discharged. The duration of charging is however maintained same in both the tests. The distance of break can be determined with the help of the following formula –

Distance of break = ( a/b) x length of cable

a=deflection of the galvanometer of the faulty core.

b= deflection of the galvanometer of the sound core.

6. Induction test

The induction method can be used for the location of faults to earth in the case of a cable having no metallic sheath. in this test a high frequency  AC or interrupted DC  is passed into the faulty core. The cable rout is then explored with a  search  coil connected to a telephone receiver , this coil taking the form of about 200 turns  made of fine wire wound to form a triangle of about 1 meter side fitted with head phone. The headphone picks up the audible hum sound while carrying it over the faulty cable. The humming sound stops suddenly as soon as the the search coil is away from the fault point.

This method is suitable for locating fault in a non-sheathed cable.

Since armour of the cable shields the magnetic field, no current will be induced in the search coil thereby no audible sound is heard.

Sometimes, the head phones catches disturbance created by other sources. Precautionary measures have to be taken against such circumstances while carrying out the fault finding.

7. Impulse wave echo test

This method is based on principle that a pulse propagating along a cable will be reflected when it meets with an impedance mismatch. This effect can be seen on a cathode ray tube, CRT. The pulse propagation velocity is inversely proportional to the squire root of the dielectric constant of the cable. For a cable of uniform dielectric, the pulse reflected at the mismatch is displayed on CRT at a time delay directly proportional to to the distance of mismatch from the test; irrespective of the conductor size. The fault position is given by-

X= (t₁/t₂) x length

Where,

t₁= pulse time to fault

t₂= pulse time to far end of cable.

This is quickest and universally accepted. These days portable digital fault locators are available using wave echo technique. It consists of a unit having a crystal controlled digital timing method which is simpler and accuracy level. Fault distances are displayed in meter digitally. The fault, distance upto 25 km can be diagnosed. It can be used for both LT and HT cable.

8. Time Domain Reflectometer: 

The Pulse Reflection Test Sets IRG Series for cable fault pre-location using the Time Domain Reflection (TDR) method on low, medium and high voltage cables. It can also be used on live cables up to 400 V. Further fault location methods are available with the application of the appropriate coupling device. Its measuring ranges enable pre-location on cable lengths from 0 m to 65 km (0 to 213,000 feet).

Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR): The TDR sends a low-energy signal through the cable, causing no insulation degradation. A theoretically perfect cable returns that signal in a known time and in a known profile. Impedance variations in a "real-world" cable alter both the time and profile, which the TDR screen or printout graphically represents. This graph (called a "trace") gives the user approximate distances to "landmarks" such as opens, splices, Y-taps, transformers, and water ingression.

One weakness of TDR is that it does not pinpoint faults. TDR is accurate to within about 1% of testing range. Sometimes, this information alone is sufficient. Other times, it only serves to allow more precise thumping. Nevertheless, this increased precision can produce substantial savings in cost and time. A typical result is "438 ft 5 10 ft." If the fault is located at 440 ft, you only need to thump the 20-ft distance from 428 ft to 448 ft, instead of the entire 440 ft.

Another weakness of TDR is that Reflectometer cannot see faults-to-ground with resistances much greater than 200 ohms. So, in the case of a "bleeding fault" rather than a short or near-short, TDR is blind.

Conclusion

Using the combination of a cable analysis system, a surge generator and a surge detector/fault pin pointer, the process of underground fault locating becomes more efficient, gets service restored quicker and minimizes the possibility of programming the cable for additional faults while finding the present fault.

Book reference: a practical guide to cable installation and toolbox talk.
In India-

Available with book shop and -

http://www.amazon.in

http://www.abebooks.com

www.discoverypublishinggroup.com

Price: Rs. 375/- excluding delivery charges

Busbar size and calculation

Busbar

Bus bar 

A bus bar (also spelled busbar, buss bar or busbar), is a strip or bar of copper, brass or aluminum that conducts electricity within a switchboard, distribution board, substation, battery bank or other electrical apparatus. Its main purpose is to conduct electricity, not to function as a structural member.

Busbars are typically either flat strips or hollow tubes as these shapes allow heat to dissipate more efficiently due to their high surface area to cross-sectional area ratio. A hollow section has higher stiffness than a solid rod of equivalent current-carrying capacity, which allows a greater span between busbar supports in outdoor switch yards.

A busbar may either be supported on insulators, or else insulation may completely surround it. Busbars are protected from accidental contact either by a metal earthed enclosure or by elevation out of normal reach. Power Neutral busbars may also be insulated. Earth (safety grounding) busbars are typically bare and bolted directly onto any metal chassis of their enclosure. Busbars may be enclosed in a metal housing, in the form of bus duct or busway, segregated-phase bus, or isolated-phase bus.

Busbars may be connected to each other and to electrical apparatus by bolted, clamp, or welded connections. Often joints between high-current bus sections have matching surfaces that are silver-plated to reduce the contact resistance. At extra-high voltages (more than 300 kV) in outdoor buses, corona around the connections becomes a source of radio-frequency interference and power loss, so connection fittings designed for these voltages are used.

Busbars are typically contained inside switchgear, panel boards, or busway. Distribution boards split the electrical supply into separate circuits at one location. Busways, or bus ducts, are long busbars with a protective cover. Rather than branching the main supply at one location, they allow new circuits to branch off anywhere along the route of the busway.

Advantages

 Following are some advantages of Bus bar trunking system over normal cabling system:-

1.      On-site installation times are reduced compared to hard-wired systems, thus leading to cost savings.

2.      It provides increased flexibility in design and versatility with regard to future modifications.

3.      Greater safety and peace of mind for specifiers, contractors and end-users.

4.      Because of the simplicity of busbar, it is easy to estimate costs from the design/estimating stage through to installation on site.  This is because the technical characteristics and price of each component are always known.

5.      It is short sighted to compare the cost of busbar against that of a length of cable — and not the real cost of a cable installation to include multiple runs of cable, tray and fixing, let alone the protracted time and effort of pulling cables.

6.      Distribution busbar distributes power along its length through tap-off points along the busbar at typically at 0.5 or 1 m centers. Tap-off units are plugged in along the length of the busbar to supply a load; this could be a sub distribution board or, in a factory, to individual machines. Tap-offs can normally be added or removed with busbar live, eliminating production down time.

7.      Installed vertically the same systems can be used for rising-mains applications, with tap-offs feeding individual floors. Certified fire barriers are available at points where the busbar passes through a floor slab. Protection devices such as fuses, switchfuses or circuit breakers are located along the busbar run, reducing the need for large distribution boards and the large quantities of distribution cables running to and from installed equipment.

8.      Very compact so provides space savings.

9.      Where aesthetics have to be considered, busbar trunking can be installed with natural galvanized, aluminium, or painted finish. Special colours to match switchboards or a specific colour scheme are also available on request.

10.  Busbar trunking has several key advantages over conventional forms of power distribution including: -

11.  (a) Reduced, onsite installation times when compared to hard-wired systems thus leading to cost savings.

a.        Increased flexibility in design and versatility with regard to future modifications.

b.       Increased safety features brought about by the use of high quality, manufactured components, which provide greater safety and peace of mind for specifies, contractors and end-users.

12.  Uneven distribution of current takes place where multiple runs of cables are used in parallel.

13.  Busbar trunking has tap-off points at regular intervals along each length to allow power to be taken off and distributed to where it is needed. Because it is fully self-contained it needs only to be mechanically mounted and electrically connected to be operational.

14.  For higher ratings of power distribution we need to have multiple runs of cable. In such conditions unbalanced distribution of current takes place and causing overheating of some cable. This is completely avoided in the BTS systems.

15.  When multiple runs of cables are used it often leads to improper end connections thereby causing overheating of contacts, burning of cables ends, and is a major cause of fire. This is completely avoided in Bus Bar Trunking systems.

Current carrying capacity

The current-carrying capacity of a busbar is usually determined by the maximum temperature at which the bar is permitted to operate, as defined by national and international standards such as British Standard BS 159, American Standard ANSI C37.20, etc. These standards give maximum temperature rises as well as maximum ambient temperatures.

BS 159 stipulates a maximum temperature rise of 50°C above a 24 hour mean ambient temperature of up to 35°C, and a peak ambient temperature of 40°C.

ANSI C37.20 alternatively permits a temperature rise of 65°C above a maximum ambient of 40°C, provided that silver-plated (or acceptable alternative) bolted terminations are used. If not, a temperature rise of 30°C is allowed.

A very approximate method of estimating the current carrying capacity of a copper busbar is to assume a current density of 2 A/mm2 (1250 A/in2) in still air. This method should only be used to estimate a likely size of busbar, the final size being chosen after consideration has been given to the calculation methods. Refer catalogue of manufacturers.

The more popular thumb rule being followed in India is to assume current density of 1.0 Amps / Sq.mm for Aluminium and 1.6 Amps for Copper for any standard rectangular conductor profile.

Standard size of bus bar

Sr.	Application area	Cable	busbar
1	Number of circuits	One circuit per floor. Hence for a 20-floor building, you need 20 circuits.	Just one circuit can cover all floors.
2	Main Switchboard	Need 1 outgoing for each circuit. Hence 20 nos. MCCB outgoings. Higher cost and larger space requirement in electrical room	Need only 1 outgoing for each riser. Lower cost and size of main panel.
3	Shaft Size	Using 4 core cables, and considering 1 cable per feeder, you need 20 cables on the lowest floor. Large space required for cables/ cable tray.	Typical size of 1600A riser is 185mm x 180mm. Leads to big savings on riser shaft size, and hence more usable floor area on every floor.
4	Fire & safety	The high concentration of insulating materials used in cables and conductors involves a very high level of combustive energy.	The volume of insulating materials used in trunking is reduced to a minimum so combustive energy is considerably lower than cables. The insulating materials used do not release corrosive or toxic gases in the event of a fire. Once the source of the fire is removed, these materials are extinguished in a few seconds so that the effect of the fire is minimised
5	Future expansion	load on any floor exceeds initial plan, owner has to run an additional cable from a spare feeder on main board to that floor.	By providing extra tap off slots on each floor at the design stage, owner only has to procure a tap off box and plug it in wherever additional load is required. As the plug in can be done live, there is no shut down required for any of the existing clients / circuits. Future Flexibility.
6	Fault withstand levels	Limited by conductor size of each circuit.	Much higher – typically a 1600 A riser has a fault withstand capability of 60 to 70 kA. Safer in an electrical fault.
7	Installation time	Much longer	Each riser on a 20-floor building can be installed in approximately 2 to 3 days.
8	Voltage drop	High impedance if you choose cable size based on each floor current rating.	Much lower impedance. Hence substantially lower voltage drop.

Busbars Reduce System Costs

A laminated busbar will lower manufacturing costs by decreasing assembly time as well as internal material handling costs. Various conductors are terminated at customer specified locations to eliminate the guesswork usually associated with assembly operating procedures. A reduced parts count will reduce ordering, material handling and inventory costs.

 Bus bars Improve Reliability

 Laminated bus bars can help your organization build quality into processes. The reduction of wiring errors results in fewer reworks, lower service costs and lower quality costs.

Bus bars Increase Capacitance

 Increased capacitance results in decreasing characteristic impedance. This will ultimately lead to greater effective signal suppression and noise elimination. Keeping the dielectrics thin and using dielectrics with a high relative K factor will increase capacitance.

Eliminate Wiring Errors

By replacing a standard cable harnesses with bus bars, the possibility for miss-wirings is eliminated. Wiring harnesses have high failure rates relative to bus bars, which have virtually none. These problems are very costly to repair. Adding bus bars to your systems is effective insurance.

Bus bars Lower Inductance

 Any conductor carrying current will develop an electromagnetic field. The use of thin parallel conductors with a thin dielectric laminated together minimizes the effect of inductance on electrical circuits. Magnetic flux cancellation is maximized when opposing potentials are laminated together. Laminated bus bars have been designed to reduce the proximity effect in many semiconductor applications as well as applications that involve high electromagnetic interference (EMI).

Bus bars Lower Impedance

 Increasing the capacitance and reducing the inductance is a determining factor in eliminating noise. Keeping the dielectric thickness to a minimum will accomplish the highly desired low impedance.

Bus bars Provide Denser Packaging

 The use of wide, thin conductors laminated together led to decreased space requirements. Laminated bus bars have helped decrease total system size and cost.

Bus bars Provide Wider Variety of Interconnection Methods

 The flexibility of bus bars has allowed an unlimited number of interconnection styles to choose from. Bushings, embossments, and fasten tabs are most commonly used.

Bus bars Improve Thermal Characteristics

 The wide, thin conductors are favourable to allowing better airflow in systems. As package sizes decrease, the cost of removing heat from systems has greatly increased. A bus bar cannot only reduce the overall size required, but it can also improve airflow with its sleek design.

Material: The copper will be of ETP grade as per DIN 13601-2002 and with oxygen free copper.

Chemical composition: Purity of copper will be as per DIN EN 13601:2002. Copper + Silver 99.90% min.

Typical example

Rating Current: 3200Amp.

System:415Vac, TPN, 50Hz.

Fault Level: 50KA. For 1 Sec.

Operation Temp:40° C rise over 45 ° C ambient.

CONSIDERATION

Enclosure size: 1400 mm. wide X 400mm. height

Bus bar Size: 2:200x10 per Ph., 1:200x10 for Neutral.

Bus bar material: Electrolytic gr. Al. (IS 63401/AA6101)

 Short Circuit Rating

-upto 400A rated current:                   25KA for 1 sec.

-600 to 1000A rated current:              50KA for 1 sec.

-1250 to 2000A rated current:            65-100KA for 1 sec.

-2500 to 5000A rated current:            100-225KA for 1 sec.

The minimum cross section needed in sqmm for busbar in various common cases can be listed as below-

Material	Fault level (KA)	Withstand time
		1 sec.	200 msec.	40 ms.	10 ms.
Aluminium	35	443	198	89	44
	50	633	283	127	63
	65	823	368	165	82
Copper	35	285	127	57	28
	50	407	182	81	41
	65	528	236	106	53

Let us select a busbar with an example:

1)  Aluminium busbar for 2000A, 35 kA for 1 sec withstand – From the table the minimum cross-section needed would be 443 mm2. Thus we can select a 100mm x 5mm busbar as the minimum cross-section. Considering a current density of 1A/ mm² by considering temperature  as well as skin effect, we shall require 4 x 100mm x 5mm busbars for this case.

2)  Copper busbar for 2000A, 35 kA for 1 sec withstand – From the table the minimum cross-section needed would be 285 mm2. Thus we can select a 60mm x 5mm busbar as the minimum cross-section. Considering a current density of 1.6A/ mm2 by considering temperature as well as skin effect, we shall require 4 x 60mm x 5mm busbars for this case.

 Thus, by using the above formula and table, we can easily select busbars for our switchboards.

Size in mm	Area sqmm	Weight/ km	current carrying capacity in amp ( copper ) at 35 deg.C
			AC ( no. of bus)				DC ( no. of bus)
			I	II	III	II II	I	II	III	II II
12X2	24	0.209	110	200			115	205
15X2	30	0.262	140	200			145	245
15X3	75	0.396	170	300			175	305
20X2	40	0.351	185	315			190	325
20X3	60	0.529	220	380			225	390
20X5	100	0.882	295	500			300	510
25X3	75	0.663	270	460			275	470
25X5	125	1.11	350	600			355	610
30X3	90	0.796	315	540			320	560
30X5	150	1.33	400	700			410	720
40X3	120	1.06	420	710			430	740
40X5	200	1.77	520	900			530	930
40X10	400	3.55	760	1350	1850	2500	770	1400	2000
50X5	250	2.22	630	1100	1650	2100	650	1150	1750
50X10	500	4.44	920	1600	2250	3000	960	1700	2500
60X5	300	2.66	760	1250	1760	2400	780	1300	1900	2500
60X10	600	5.33	1060	1900	2600	3500	1100	2000	2800	3600
80X5	400	3.55	970	1700	2300	3000	1000	1800	2500	3200
80X10	800	7.11	1380	2300	3100	4200	1450	2600	3700	4800
100X5	500	4.44	1200	2050	2850	3500	1250	2250	3150	4050
100X10	1000	8.89	1700	2800	3650	5000	1800	3200	4500	5800
120X10	1200	10.7	2000	3100	4100	5700	2150	3700	5200	6700
160X10	1600	14.2	2500	3900	5300	7300	2800	4800	6900	9000
200X10	2000	17.8	3000	4750	6350	8800	3400	6000	8500	10000

Temperature rise

During the short circuiting, the bus bar should be able to withstand the thermal as well as mechanical stress. When a sort circuiting takes place, the temperature rise is directly proportional to the squire of the rms value of the fault current. The duration of short circuiting is very small i.e. one second till the breakers opens and clears the fault. The heat dissipation through convection and radiation during this short duration is negligible and all the heat is observed by the busbar itself. The temperature rise due to the fault can be calculated by applying the formulae.

T = K (I/A) ² (1+αθ) 10^-2

T=temperature rise per second

A= conductor cross section area

α = temperature coefficient of resistivity at 20 deg.C/deg.C

   = 0 .00393 for copper

   = 0 .00386 for aluminium

K = constant

    =0.52 for copper

    =1.166 for aluminium

θ = temperature of the conductor at the instant at which the temperature rise is being calculated.

Typical calculation

Rated current = 1000A

Fault current = 50KA for 1 sec

Permissible temperature rise= 40 deg.C

Busbar material =aluminium ally E91E

De-rating factor due to material =1

De-rating factor due to temperature rise =0.86

De-rating factor due to enclosure =0.75

Total de-rating factor = 1x0.75x0.86=0.66

Minimum cross section area required to withstand short circuit for 1 sec.

                  = (I_fc x√t )/0.08

Where, I_fc = fault level current in KA

                 t= 1 second

Area A = (50x√1 )/0.08 = 625 sqmm

 Considering all de-rating factor, A = 625/0.66 =946.97

Say, cross sectional area per phase = 1000 sqmm

For neutral, cross sectional area per phase = 500 sqmm

for more study -refer a practical guide to cable installation and tool box talk
In India -

Available with book shop and -

http://www.amazon.in

http://www.abebooks.com

www.discoverypublishinggroup.com

Price: Rs. 375/- excluding delivery charges