For requirement and reliability purpose the various components of a power system can be arranged in different ways. The complexity of the resulting architecture determines the availability of electrical energy and the cost of the investment.
Power distribution for a given application is therefore based on a trade-off between technical necessities and cost.
Architectures include the following:
- Radial systems
- Single-feeder
- Double-feeder
- Parallel-feeder
- Dual supply with double bus bar
. - Loop systems
- Open loop
- Closed loop
. - Systems with internal power generation
- Normal source generation
- Replacement source generation
The table below lists the main characteristics of each architecture for omparison. Illustrations are provided below table.
Architecture
|
Use
|
Advantages
|
Drawbacks
|
Radial
| |||
Single-feeder radial
|
Processes not requiring
continuous supply E.g. a cement works |
Most simple architecture
Easy to protect Minimum cost |
Low availability
Downtime due to faults may be long A single fault interrupts supply to the entire feeder |
Double-feeder radial
|
Continuous processes: steel,
petrochemicals |
Good continuity of supply
Maintenance possible on busbars of main switchboard |
Expensive solution
Partial operation of busbars during maintenance |
Parallel-feeder
|
Large power systems
Future expansion is limited |
Good continuity of supply
Simple protection |
Requires automatic control functions
|
Double busbars
|
Processes requiring high
continuity of service Processes with major load changes |
Good continuity of supply
Flexible operation: no-break transfers Flexible maintenance |
Expensive solution
Requires automatic control functions |
Loop systems
| |||
Open loop
|
Very large power systems
Major future expansion Loads concentrated in different zones of a site |
Less expensive than closed loop
Simple protection |
Faulty segment can be isolated during loop
reconfiguration Requires automatic control functions |
Closed loop
|
Power system offering high
continuity of service Very large power systems Loads concentrated in different zones of a site |
Good continuity of supply
Does not require automatic control functions |
Expensive solution
Complex protection system |
Internal power generation
| |||
Normal source
generation |
Industrial process sites
producing their own energy E.g. paper plants, steel |
Good continuity of supply
Cost of energy (energy recovered from process) |
Expensive solution
|
Replacement source
(source changeover) |
Industrial and commercial
sites E.g. hospitals |
Good continuity of supply for priority
outgoing feeders |
Requires automatic control functions
|
Examples of Power System Architectures
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